The quantum mechanical model of the atom (article) | Khan Academy

The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom

• Wave-Particle Duality: Louis de Broglie proposed that all particles exhibit wave-like properties, characterized by a specific wavelength.
• Schrödinger’s Model: Erwin Schrödinger developed the quantum mechanical model, treating electrons as matter waves. His wave equation yields wave functions ($\psi$) associated with specific electron binding energies ($E$).
• Probability Density: The square of the wave function ($\psi^2$) represents the probability of locating an electron in a specific region of the atom.
• Atomic Orbitals: Defined as the region within an atom where an electron is likely to be found 90% of the time.
• Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: It is impossible to simultaneously know both the precise position and energy (momentum) of an electron; increasing precision in one decreases precision in the other.
• Electron Spin: Electrons possess an intrinsic property called spin, which can be either "spin-up" or "spin-down."
• Pauli Exclusion Principle: Any two electrons occupying the same orbital must have opposite spins.
• Fermions vs. Bosons: Electrons are classified as fermions (possessing fractional spin), whereas force-carrying particles are bosons (possessing integer spin).
• Key Experimental Context: The Stern-Gerlach experiment is central to understanding electron spin, utilizing non-uniform magnetic fields to observe particle deflection.